The US in Vietnam
By Larry Romanoff July 21,20
CHINESE ENGLISH POLSKI ROMANIAN
The Creation of a Media Myth 媒体神话的创造
Agent Orange 橙剂
NAPALM 凝固汽油弹
The CIA’s Phoenix Program 中央情报局的凤凰计划
The RAND Corporation 兰德公司
Abandoned POWs in Vietnam 越南被遗弃的战俘
The Creation of a Media Myth
媒体神话的创造
In addition to the false-flag operation and its attendant lies that propelled the US into a full war with Vietnam was an enormous prior effort to manipulate public opinion and alter perceptions about the truth of Vietnam itself, which truth has never seen the light of day in America. Many Americans firmly believe to this day that their country entered Vietnam to protect and save the democratic South from invasion by the brutal communist North, and to contain Soviet “expansionism” and the “spread” of communism over all of Asia. But nothing in the official narrative was ever true, the US story a complete lie and entirely contrary to the reality.
除了推动美国与越南全面开战的假旗行动及其随之而来的谎言之外，还有一项巨大的先前努力，即操纵公众舆论，改变人们对越南真相的看法，而真相在美国从未被曝光。时至今日，许多美国人坚信，他们的国家进入越南是为了保护和拯救民主的南方免受残酷的共产主义北方的入侵，并遏制苏联的“扩张主义”和共产主义在整个亚洲的“蔓延”。但官方的说法从来都不是真的，美国的故事完全是谎言，与现实完全相反。
For background, France had maintained Vietnam and parts of Southeast Asia as a forced colony since the late 1800s, and restored their colonial rule after the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, leading to increased resentment and military resistance, their total defeat in the battle of Dien Ben Phu in 1954 finally forcing the French to concede they had lost Vietnam. In an effort to restore peace to the region, UN negotiations produced a set of documents known as the Geneva Accords, which briefly created a temporary non-political boundary between North and South and directed that national elections be held for a government of the unified and soon to be free nation. And to specifically put aside any notion that the boundary was a partition, the Geneva Agreements stated that the military demarcation line was “provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary”.
背景是，自19世纪末以来，法国一直将越南和东南亚部分地区作为一个被迫殖民地，并在1945年日本战败后恢复了殖民统治，导致怨恨和军事抵抗加剧，1954年他们在奠本府战役中的彻底失败最终迫使法国承认他们失去了越南。为了恢复该地区的和平，联合国谈判产生了一套被称为《日内瓦协议》的文件，该协议短暂地在南北之间建立了一个临时的非政治边界，并指示举行全国选举，组建一个统一的、即将自由的国家的政府。《日内瓦协定》明确指出，军事分界线是“临时的，不应以任何方式被解释为构成政治或领土边界”。
But the Americans, who had been using the French as a proxy, directing the war and paying most of its expenses, were loath to abandon the prospect of a lucrative colony. Instead of permitting peace to return, the Americans greatly increased military aid and activity in the South, and forcibly created a new fake government, importing a genocidal expatriate Vietnamese from New Jersey named Ngo Dinh Diem to be president, effectively colonising South Vietnam as a proxy for its intended war against the North. The US even staged a massive, and reprehensibly fake, election hailed in the Western media as ‘free and fair’, with American officials fabricating ‘an 83 per cent turnout despite Vietcong terror’. It was all a fiction. The Americans also refused to allow the UN to administer the decreed national elections to take place because virtually the entire population was already supporting Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam, which would have removed the US from any position of control. US President Eisenhower stated openly there was no question that “80 per cent of the population would have voted for Ho Chi Minh as their leader“, a condition the Americans would not permit. From that point, the US continued its military escalation, for ten years using the South Vietnamese as fodder in a bitter civil war, until finally staging its false-flag operation with the USS Maddox and declaring all-out war on Vietnam in 1964.
但是，一直以法国人为代理人、指挥战争并支付大部分费用的美国人不愿放弃建立利润丰厚的殖民地的前景。美国非但没有允许恢复和平，反而大幅增加了在南部的军事援助和活动，并强行建立了一个新的假政府，从新泽西州引进了一位名叫吴廷琰的种族灭绝的越南侨民担任总统，实际上是在殖民南越，作为其对北战争的代理人。美国甚至举行了一场大规模的、应受谴责的虚假选举，被西方媒体誉为“自由和公平”，美国官员编造了“尽管越共有恐怖行为，但仍有83%的投票率”。这都是虚构的。美国人还拒绝允许联合国管理颁布的全国选举，因为几乎所有人都已经支持北越的胡志明，这将使美国失去任何控制地位。美国总统艾森豪威尔公开表示，毫无疑问，“80%的人口会投票支持胡志明作为他们的领导人”，这是美国人不允许的条件。从那时起，美国继续其军事升级，十年来一直将南越人作为激烈内战的素材，直到1964年最终与美国海军马多克斯号（USS Maddox）展开假旗行动，并宣布对越南全面战争。
But the American history books tell a very different version. They claim that under the 1954 Geneva Accords “Vietnam was partitioned into communist north and democratic south” and, as John Pilger noted, “In one sentence, truth is dispatched”. The American books created a fictitious moral world of good South and bad North with the Soviet Union brutally expanding its evil influence and the Americans once again defending the righteous. But of course, it was no such thing. The entire population of Vietnam wanted only to be united and freed of foreign imperialism and its former colonial masters, but in refusing to accept this outcome the US had declared war on both the North and the South, and without support from either side. The US media began a decade-long propaganda campaign to demonise the North Vietnamese and totally fabricate a Russian communist threat to justify the heavy American military presence. The CIA was tasked with this onslaught of disinformation and ordered to maintain the illusion through the media.
但美国历史书讲述的是一个截然不同的版本。他们声称，根据1954年的《日内瓦协定》，“越南被划分为共产主义的北方和民主的南方”，正如约翰·皮尔格所指出的，“用一句话来说，真相是被传递的”。美国的书创造了一个虚构的好南方和坏北方的道德世界，苏联残酷地扩大其邪恶势力，美国人再次捍卫正义。但当然，事实并非如此。越南全体人民只想团结起来，摆脱外国帝国主义及其前殖民统治者，但由于拒绝接受这一结果，美国在没有任何一方支持的情况下，向南北双方宣战。美国媒体开始了长达十年的宣传活动，妖魔化北越人，并完全捏造俄罗斯共产党的威胁，为美国的大量军事存在辩护。中央情报局的任务是打击虚假信息，并被命令通过媒体保持这种幻觉。
Almost everything in the American history books about Vietnam is an outright lie. As one author said so well, “What this essentially tells us is that, for all the democratic ideals that America claims to espouse, as soon as someone who does not agree with their viewpoint is voted in, they will do anything in their power to subvert and undermine them. This is rephrased and then becomes the ‘official’ history of events, finding its way into everything from textbooks to documentaries”. And in all of the vicious commentary about the spread of Russian communism, there is not a word about the “spread” of the much more vicious and rapacious America, looking for domination at any cost. And even today, American tourists to Vietnam are offended to see war memorials depicting the truly horrendous human cost to the Vietnamese of this American ‘adventure‘ and the blame laid on the US for the continuing misery from napalm and Agent Orange. The American guidebooks advise their travelers to simply view these memorials as ignorant “anti-Americanism” and not treat them seriously.
美国历史书中关于越南的几乎所有内容都是彻头彻尾的谎言。正如一位作者所说，“这从本质上告诉我们，对于美国声称支持的所有民主理想，只要有人不同意他们的观点，他们就会在力所能及的范围内做任何事情来颠覆和破坏他们。这被重新措辞，然后成为事件的“官方”历史，从教科书到纪录片，无处不在。”。在所有关于俄罗斯共产主义传播的恶毒评论中，没有一个词是关于更加恶毒和贪婪的美国的“传播”，他们不惜一切代价寻求统治。即使在今天，前往越南的美国游客也会因为看到战争纪念碑而感到愤怒，这些纪念碑描绘了这场美国“冒险”给越南人带来的真正可怕的人力成本，以及凝固汽油弹和橙剂造成的持续痛苦归咎于美国。美国旅游指南建议他们的旅行者把这些纪念馆简单地视为无知的“反美主义”，不要认真对待它们。
Agent Orange
橙剂
Agent Orange is a highly toxic herbicide, defoliant and carcinogen consisting of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, intermixed with another especially lethal dioxin named TCDD. The chemical was the creation of joint efforts between the British and the Americans to design a bio-weapon that would totally exterminate an enemy’s food crops[1][2][3].Some of the chemical’s components proved useful as commercial herbicides and later entered the mass markets, though eventually proving too destructive to the environment for continued use. The US military was testing Agent Orange as a bio-weapon in the early 1940s, especially for rice crops, and began full-scale production for use against Japan before the end of the war. And yes, they did use it against Japan. The US tested well over 1,000 similar compounds and conducted field trials of “the more promising ones“, especially in Tanganyika and Kenya to assess the value of millions of liters of carcinogenic herbicides in the eradication of (1) trees and bushes concealing terrorists and (2) socialist governments. Arthur Galston, TCDD’s developer, cited it as “perhaps the most toxic molecule ever synthesized by man” but, according to Photoshop and Mr. Sanitise, its insertion into Agent Orange was a mistake, an unintended manufacturing side effect, and present in only “vanishingly small quantities“.
橙剂是一种剧毒除草剂、落叶剂和致癌物，由两种除草剂2，4，5-T和2，4-D等比例组成，并与另一种特别致命的二恶英TCDD混合。这种化学物质是英国和美国共同努力设计的一种生物武器，可以完全消灭敌人的粮食作物[1][2][3]。这种化学物质的一些成分被证明可以作为商业除草剂使用，后来进入了大众市场，尽管最终证明对环境的破坏性太大，无法继续使用。20世纪40年代初，美国军方正在测试橙剂作为一种生物武器，尤其是用于水稻作物，并在战争结束前开始全面生产用于对抗日本。是的，他们确实用它来对付日本。美国测试了1000多种类似化合物，并对“更有前景的化合物”进行了实地试验，特别是在坦噶尼喀和肯尼亚，以评估数百万升致癌除草剂在根除（1）隐藏恐怖分子的树木和灌木以及（2）社会主义政府方面的价值。TCDD的开发者Arthur Galston称其为“可能是有史以来人类合成的毒性最强的分子”，但根据Photoshop和Sanitise先生的说法，将其插入橙剂中是一个错误，是一种意外的制造副作用，而且只存在“极其少量”。
The sanitised version that finds its way into American history books is that the US military used it as a ‘defoliant‘, a gentle process of removing the leaves from a few trees where Vietnamese snipers might be hiding, but that was never true. This extraordinarily lethal chemical was used in an effort to destroy Vietnam’s entire rice crops, and the nation’s food supply, and to contaminate the soil and groundwater to the extent that re-growth would become impossible. There is no shortage of publicly-available photographs showing US Army helicopters and C-123 transports spraying Agent Orange over Vietnamese agricultural land, rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. The official version was that President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam asked the United States to conduct aerial herbicide spraying in his country, but that claim is ridiculous nonsense. Diem was an American gangster transplanted from New Jersey by the US government and installed as the fictitious president of a fictitious ‘South Vietnam’.
进入美国历史书的净化版本是，美国军方将其用作“落叶剂”，这是一种温和的过程，可以清除越南狙击手可能藏身的几棵树上的叶子，但事实并非如此。这种极其致命的化学物质被用来破坏越南的整个水稻作物和国家的粮食供应，并污染土壤和地下水，使其无法重新生长。公开的照片中不乏美国陆军直升机和C-123运输机在越南农田、河流、湖泊和水库上空喷洒橙剂的照片。官方说法是南越总统吴廷琰要求美国在其国家进行空中除草剂喷洒，但这种说法纯属无稽之谈。吴廷琰是一名美国黑帮分子，被美国政府从新泽西州移植过来，并被任命为虚构的“南越”的虚构总统。
Agent Orange was an attempt at the genocide of the Vietnamese people, and totally unrelated to defoliation of anything. The record clearly states that in Quang Ngai province alone, 85% of all the croplands were scheduled to be destroyed in 1970 alone, leaving hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese starving to death. Many authors have noted testimony that US military personnel were officially informed the destroyed crops were being produced to feed “insurgents” and “guerillas”, but eventually discovered they were simply eradicating the entire food supply of the civilian population.
橙剂是企图对越南人民进行种族灭绝，与任何落叶行为完全无关。记录清楚地表明，仅在广义省，仅1970年就有85%的农田被摧毁，导致数十万越南人饿死。许多作者注意到，有证词称，美国军事人员被正式告知，被摧毁的作物是用来喂养“叛乱分子”和“游击队”的，但最终发现他们只是在消灭平民的全部粮食供应。
The Americans sprayed more than 100 million liters of this chemical in South Vietnam alone, resulting in at least 10 million hectares of agricultural land being ultimately totally destroyed and perhaps never recoverable. In fact, in Congressional testimony in 1965, it was admitted by the US military that “crop destruction is …. the more important purpose … but the emphasis is usually given to the jungle defoliation in public mention of the program.” And it was once again the pathologically genocidal “analysts” at the RAND corporation who engineered this travesty, stating in one memorandum (5446-ISA/ARPA) “the fact that the VC obtain most of their food from the neutral rural population dictates the destruction of civilian crops … if they (the VC) are to be hampered by the crop destruction program, it will be necessary to destroy large portions of the rural economy – probably 50% or more”. Using the RAND memo and Congressional testimony as references, it becomes abundantly clear the only purpose of the chemical was to destroy Vietnam’s entire food supply and force a military surrender from starvation. Of the millions of Vietnamese living in the contaminated areas, many hundreds of thousands were reported suffering from severe malnutrition and there is little doubt many or most of those died, but the Western media have completely censored this topic, maintaining the fiction of Agent Orange and other lethal herbicides as ‘defoliants‘ to ‘deter snipers’.
仅在南越，美国人就喷洒了超过1亿升这种化学物质，导致至少1000万公顷的农田最终被完全摧毁，也许永远无法恢复。事实上，在1965年的国会证词中，美国军方承认“破坏作物是……更重要的目的……但在公开提及该计划时，通常会强调丛林落叶。”而策划这场闹剧的又是兰德公司病态的种族灭绝“分析人士”，在一份备忘录（5446-ISA/ARPA）中指出，“VC从中立的农村人口中获得大部分食物，这一事实决定了民用作物的破坏……如果他们（VC）受到作物破坏计划的阻碍，就有必要摧毁大部分农村经济——可能是50%或更多”。以兰德公司的备忘录和国会证词为参考，很明显，这种化学物质的唯一目的是破坏越南的全部粮食供应，迫使越南从饥饿中投降。据报道，在生活在污染地区的数百万越南人中，数十万人严重营养不良，毫无疑问，其中许多人或大多数人死亡，但西方媒体完全审查了这一话题，将橙剂和其他致命除草剂虚构为“落叶剂”，以“威慑狙击手”。
Even today, after nearly 50 years, the Americans refuse to accept any responsibility or liability for the human and ecological destruction of much of Vietnam. The US government repeated states it “does not recognize any legal liability for damages alleged to be related to Agent Orange“, and it refuses to accept the accuracy of tests or validity of claims of damage to either human health or the ecosystem, refusing to discuss the issue and denying the credibility of all claims. In one recent Congressional Report, “Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations Michael F. Martin Specialist in Asian Affairs August 29, 2012”, the typical American position is that:
即使在近50年后的今天，美国人也拒绝为越南大部分地区的人类和生态破坏承担任何责任。美国政府重申，它“不承认与橙剂有关的损害的任何法律责任”，它拒绝接受测试的准确性或对人类健康或生态系统损害索赔的有效性，拒绝讨论这个问题，并否认所有索赔的可信度。在最近的一份国会报告《橙剂的越南受害者与美越关系》（2012年8月29日，亚洲事务专家Michael F.Martin）中，美国的典型立场是：
“Virtually every aspect of the effects of Agent Orange on Vietnam is infused with uncertainty and/or controversy. There is some question about the amount of Agent Orange and other herbicides sprayed in Vietnam, as well as the amount of dioxin contained in the Agent Orange used. It is also unclear exactly where the herbicides were sprayed and the amount sprayed at each location. Nor is it known who was exposed to Agent Orange and its dioxin, and for what duration they were exposed. Finally, there is limited information about the long-term effects of Agent Orange on the environment and people of Vietnam. The uncertainty and controversies are in part attributable to the general “fog of war.”
“实际上，橙剂对越南影响的每一个方面都充满了不确定性和/或争议。在越南喷洒的橙剂和其他除草剂的数量，以及橙剂中所含二恶英的数量，都存在一些问题。除草剂的确切喷洒地点和每个地点的喷洒量也不清楚o接触过橙剂及其二恶英，以及接触时间。最后，关于橙剂对越南环境和人民的长期影响的信息有限。这种不确定性和争议部分归因于普遍的“战争迷雾”
And there we are. The Americans don’t actually know if, when, or where, they sprayed Agent Orange, or if the spray contained any toxic chemicals, nor who might have been exposed, nor if the dioxins were really toxic after all. The fact that international agencies have repeatedly discovered toxic concentrations in many locations in Vietnam at nearly 400 times the maximum permitted international levels, is apparently irrelevant. The Vietnamese government of course filed claims in US courts for compensation and damages for the irreparable environmental and human carnage resulting from those 100 million liters of dioxins poured on their country and its people. But, following the well-established principles of rule of law, those US courts dismissed the claims. In their rulings, they cited the principle of sovereign immunity, but they could just as well have applied the doctrine of ‘self-inflicted injury‘, from their fatuous claim that the Vietnamese government asked the US to conduct aerial herbicide spraying in the country. So, it was really their own fault anyway.
我们就在这里。美国人实际上不知道他们是否、何时、何地喷洒了橙剂，或者喷雾中是否含有任何有毒化学物质，也不知道谁可能接触过，也不清楚二恶英是否真的有毒。国际机构多次在越南许多地方发现有毒物质浓度是国际允许的最高水平的近400倍，这一事实显然无关紧要。当然，越南政府向美国法院提出索赔，要求赔偿因1亿升二恶英倾倒在其国家和人民身上而造成的无法弥补的环境和人类灾难。但是，根据公认的法治原则，这些美国法院驳回了这些指控。在裁决中，他们引用了主权豁免原则，但他们也可以适用“自我伤害”原则，因为他们愚蠢地声称越南政府要求美国在该国进行空中除草剂喷洒。所以，不管怎样，这确实是他们自己的错。
Just so it doesn’t go unsaid, some people promote the myth that dioxin has a short ‘half-life’ and degrades quickly, and that is not true. The lethal dioxin components can remain stable – and lethal – for 100 years or more, especially in underground aquifers, resulting in health problems and birth defects for generations, either through ingesting the contaminated water or from high concentrations in the plant life. In many areas of the country, these dioxins are still at levels many hundreds of times higher than the maximum ‘safe limits’ stated by medical experts. The Vietnamese government estimates that nearly 500,000 people have died from Agent Orange poisoning to date, and that more than half a million children have been born with birth defects. The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that perhaps 1 million people are currently disabled or suffering serious health problems from Agent Orange contamination, including the fact that even today high levels of dioxins are found in the breast milk of many Vietnamese mothers. The US government of course refutes all these figures and claims on the basis that “the Vietnamese are notoriously unreliable”, as are all other nations presenting evidence of American military-flavored democracy.
为了不让它被公开，一些人宣扬二恶英“半衰期短”且降解快的神话，但事实并非如此。致命的二恶英成分可以在100年或更长时间内保持稳定和致命，特别是在地下蓄水层中，通过摄入受污染的水或植物生命中的高浓度，导致几代人的健康问题和出生缺陷。在该国许多地区，这些二恶英的含量仍然是医学专家规定的最高“安全限值”的数百倍。越南政府估计，到目前为止，已有近50万人死于橙剂中毒，50多万儿童出生时就有先天缺陷。越南红十字会估计，目前约有100万人因橙剂污染而致残或出现严重健康问题，包括即使在今天，许多越南母亲的母乳中也发现了高水平的二恶英。当然，美国政府驳斥了所有这些数字和说法，理由是“越南人是出了名的不可靠”，所有其他提供美国军事风格民主证据的国家也是如此。
NAPALM
凝固汽油弹
Napalm – essentially jellied gasoline with incendiary additives – was developed by a team led by the Jewish chemist Louis F. Fieser in 1942 at Harvard University in a top-secret war research collaboration with the United States government. It was made from a mixture of powdered aluminum soap of naphthalene with palmitate and, when added to gasoline it acted as a gelling agent. It was originally used to increase the range of flamethrowers almost tenfold, but found its most inhuman use in incendiary bombs. [4][5] Napalm burns at around 2,000 degrees Celsius, and sticks to human flesh, making it impossible to wipe off. In Vietnam, civilians quickly discovered they could extinguish the flames by immersing themselves in water, so the geniuses at Harvard concocted the practice of infusing napalm with white phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished once lit, and will burn a man right through his bones even under water.
Napalm——本质上是含有燃烧添加剂的凝胶汽油——是由犹太化学家Louis F.Fieser领导的一个团队于1942年在哈佛大学与美国政府的绝密战争研究合作中开发的。它是由萘铝皂粉末与棕榈酸盐的混合物制成的，当加入汽油中时，它起到了胶凝剂的作用。它最初用于将火焰喷射器的射程增加近十倍，但在燃烧弹中发现了最不人道的用途。[4] [5]凝固汽油弹在2000摄氏度左右的温度下燃烧，粘在人的肉上，无法擦去。在越南，平民很快发现，他们可以通过将自己浸入水中来扑灭火焰，因此哈佛大学的天才们发明了一种做法，在凝固汽油弹中注入白磷，一旦点燃就无法扑灭，甚至在水下也会把人烧穿骨头。
Independence Day, 1942: the first field test of napalm, behind Harvard Business School.Photograph courtesy of Harvard University Archives/ Louis Fieser, The Scientific Method — 1942年独立日：凝固汽油弹的第一次现场测试，在哈佛商学院后面。照片由哈佛大学档案馆/Louis Fieser提供，科学方法
The US used napalm in attacks on Germany in 1944, in Saipan, Iwo Jima, the Philippines and Okinawa, in Korea, China, and in Japan. In Vietnam, the US dropped nearly 400,000 tons of napalm on Vietnamese military and civilian locations, and Curtis LeMay and his team dropped 700,000 pounds of it on Tokyo, in one of the most inhumane war atrocities ever committed. In Vietnam, napalm was used on military installations, but it was applied at least as often on Vietnamese food supplies and on the civilians.
1944年，美国在对德国、塞班岛、硫磺岛、菲律宾和冲绳、韩国、中国和日本的袭击中使用了凝固汽油弹。在越南，美国向越南军事和民用地点投掷了近40万吨凝固汽油弹，柯蒂斯·勒梅和他的团队向东京投掷了70万磅凝固汽油弹。这是有史以来最不人道的战争暴行之一。在越南，凝固汽油弹被用于军事设施，但它至少同样经常用于越南的食品供应和平民。
“The horrifying photograph of children fleeing a deadly napalm attack has become a defining image not only of the Vietnam War, but of the 20th century.” [6] One of the most famous photos emerging from the Vietnam war is of a naked 9-year-old girl, burning with napalm on her back, running in terror from the attack. The girl, since identified as Phan Thi Kim Phuc, ultimately survived her injuries.
“儿童逃离致命凝固汽油弹袭击的骇人照片不仅成为越南战争的标志性画面，也成为 20 世纪的标志性画面”。[6] 越战中出现的最著名的照片之一是一个 9 岁的裸体女孩，她的背部被凝固汽油弹灼伤，惊恐地逃离袭击。这名女孩后来被确认为潘氏金福（Phan Thi Kim Phuc），她最终没有受伤。
The children from left to right are: Phan Thanh Tam, younger brother of Kim Phuc, who lost an eye, Phan Thanh Phouc, youngest brother of Kim Phuc, Kim Phuc, and Kim’s cousins Ho Van Bon, and Ho Thi Ting. Behind them are soldiers of the Vietnam Army 25th Division, June 8, 1972. (Nick Ut/AP Photo)
从左至右依次为：金福的弟弟潘成潭（Phan Thanh Tam）失去了一只眼睛，金福的小弟弟潘成福（Phan Thanh Phouc）、金福，以及金福的堂兄弟何文邦（Ho Van Bon）和何世廷（Ho Thi Ting）。1972年6月8日，在他们身后的是越南陆军第25师的士兵。（Nick Ut/AP照片）
Bombs with a mixture of napalm and white phosphorus jelly dropped by Vietnamese Air Force Skyraider bombers explode across Route 1, amid homes and in front of the Cao Dai temple on the outskirts of Trang Bang, Vietnam, June 8, 1972. (Nick Ut/AP Photo)
1972年6月8日，越南空军Skyraider轰炸机投下的凝固汽油弹和白磷果冻混合物炸弹在越南Trang Bang郊区的一号公路上、房屋中和曹岱庙前爆炸。（Nick Ut/AP照片）
The CIA’s Phoenix Program
中央情报局的凤凰计划
This was one of the most brutal and corrupt series of events in American history, involving the most violent acts of torture and terrorism conducted on an unbelievably widespread scale against the innocent civilians of Vietnam. Like all such American programs in the third world, this was an organised program of genocide, one which the US government and media denied then, and continue to deny today in spite of volumes of documented proof. The objective of the Phoenix Program – and many similar since, conducted by the US military and the CIA – was to eliminate by destruction the entire social infrastructure of the Vietnamese resistance to American colonisation. This was accomplished by mass murder on an unprecedented scale, astonishing use of terror tactics against civilians, and one of the most brutal torture programs ever initiated in the history of the world. [7]
这是美国历史上最残忍、最腐败的一系列事件之一，涉及对越南无辜平民实施的最暴力的酷刑和恐怖主义行为，其范围之广令人难以置信。就像美国在第三世界的所有此类计划一样，这是一个有组织的种族灭绝计划，美国政府和媒体当时否认了这一计划，尽管有大量的文件证明，但今天仍继续否认。凤凰计划的目标——以及此后由美国军方和中央情报局实施的许多类似计划——是通过摧毁越南抵抗美国殖民的整个社会基础设施。这是通过前所未有的大规模谋杀、对平民使用恐怖战术以及世界历史上有史以来最残忍的酷刑计划之一实现的。[7]
A man named Barton Osborne who was assigned to this CIA and military project at the time, wrote that “It was basically a psychological operation, and it was very well done. Americans have done it many times before. The theory is you don’t kill the leader, you kill his children, or his family. Basically, what you do is you destroy the chief’s family … when the guy [returns home], he sees this mess – you know, his wife beheaded, and her infant child stripped out of her abdomen, and beheaded and bleeding on her body, hung from a rafter, [excrement] all over the walls, those kind of things – that’s how you do it. So the whole operation loses its fighting will. And that’s basically “The American Way.” Osborn testified further before the US Congress, “I never knew in the course of all those operations any detainee to live through his interrogation. They all died. Not a single suspect survived interrogation … and the majority were either tortured to death or thrown out of helicopters.”
一个叫Barton Osborne的人当时被分配到中央情报局和军事项目，他写道：“这基本上是一次心理手术，做得很好。美国人以前也做过很多次。理论上，你不会杀死领导人，你会杀死他的孩子或家人。基本上，你所做的是摧毁酋长的家人……当他（回家）时他看到了这种混乱——你知道，他的妻子被斩首，她的婴儿被剥去腹部，被斩首并流血在身上，挂在椽子上，[排泄物]遍布墙壁，诸如此类的事情——你就是这样做的。所以整个行动失去了战斗意志。这基本上就是“美国之路”。奥斯本在美国国会作证时进一步表示，“在所有这些行动中，我从来不知道有任何被拘留者能在审讯中幸存下来。他们都死了。没有一名嫌疑人在审讯中活下来……大多数人要么被折磨致死，要么被从直升机上扔了下来。”
One American official who was an “advisor” in the Phoenix program stated, “It was common knowledge that when someone was picked up [to be ‘interrogated’] their lives were about at an end.” I won’t go into details of the inhumanities inflicted on the victims but one example of the ingenuity of Americans is worthy of note. Barton testified that the “interrogators” (There is always the pretense of an interrogation, suggesting questioning for vital military information. The pretense is always false.) would take a six-inch wooden dowel and pound it into a man’s ear and into his brain, then letting him wander around crazed, until he died.
一位曾在凤凰城项目中担任“顾问”的美国官员表示，“众所周知，当有人被带走（接受‘审问’）时，他们的生命即将结束。”我不会详细说明受害者遭受的不人道待遇，但美国人独创性的一个例子值得注意。巴顿作证说，“审讯者”（总是有审讯的伪装，暗示询问重要的军事信息。这种伪装总是假的。）会拿一根六英寸长的木钉，敲进一个人的耳朵和大脑，然后让他疯狂地四处游荡，直到他死。
“There are chilling accounts of direct CIA atrocities in South Vietnam, particularly in the Bien Hoa Mental Hospital in Saigon. It is reported that in 1966 Dr Lloyd H. Cutter and two other psychiatrists were sent with an electroshock machine provided by the Technical Services Division of the Office of Public Safety (OPS), to test whether certain depatterning exercises worked on the brain to alter human behavior. Utilizing the Phoenix ladder, Viet Cong prisoners were brought to the hospital and given excessive shock treatments. For one week straight, they were subjugated to 60 shock treatments every day. Not a single captive survived.“ [8]
“有关于中情局在南越直接暴行的令人不寒而栗的报道，特别是在西贡的边华精神病院。卡特和另外两名精神科医生被派往公共安全办公室技术服务部提供的电击机，以测试某些去模式运动是否对大脑起作用，从而改变人类行为。越共囚犯利用凤凰梯被带到医院，并接受过度休克治疗。连续一周，他们每天接受60次休克治疗。没有一个俘虏幸存下来。“[8]
All the brutal inhumanities, and the very existence of the Phoenix Program itself, were vehemently denied by the authorities and the media until Barton’s testimony and the publication of several books on the program. Upon being forced to appear before the US Congress to testify, then CIA Director William Colby admitted the existence of Phoenix and the deaths of perhaps 20,000 Vietnamese civilians. The Vietnamese have a much higher number of confirmed deaths from this program, many official and apparently documented estimates ranging well over 250,000. American officials dismiss Vietnamese claims on the basis that “Vietnamese statistics are notoriously unreliable.” Barton had testified there were “quotas” of nearly 2,000 such torture deaths to be performed each month, for a program that lasted ten years or more, all under the watchful eye of Robert McNamara.
所有残忍的不人道行为，以及凤凰计划本身的存在，都被当局和媒体强烈否认，直到巴顿作证并出版了几本关于该计划的书。在被迫出席美国国会作证后，时任中央情报局局长威廉·科尔比承认了凤凰城的存在以及大约20000名越南平民的死亡。越南人因该项目确诊的死亡人数要高得多，许多官方和明显有记录的估计远远超过25万。美国官员驳回了越南的说法，理由是“越南的统计数据是出了名的不可靠”。巴顿曾作证称，在一个持续了十年或更长时间的项目中，每月有近2000起此类酷刑死亡的“配额”，所有这些都在罗伯特·麦克纳马拉的监督下进行。
THE PHOENIX PROGRAM — Douglas Valentine
There was of course the traditional and mandatory Congressional investigation that exposed the crimes then quickly buried the evidence and airbrushed the entire episode from public memory. The investigation stated “the Phoenix Program had been used by the CIA as “an instrument of mass political murder” to neutralize politicians and activists who opposed America’s puppet government in Vietnam.” After the Congressional investigations, various authors published books on the program, T.P. Wilkinson and Douglas Valentine for two, but the media refused to publish reviews of these and other books, bitterly attacking the authors and their sanity. A common tactic was to claim the authors were suffering from “serious psychological scars” from their wartime experience and were therefore not credible witnesses. Most wrote that the object of the program was to identify and terrorise every supporter of Vietnam and every opponent of the American presence in Vietnam, and that “What followed was murder and torture … on a grand scale. Untold thousands died and were tortured.”
当然，有传统的强制性国会调查揭露了罪行，然后迅速掩盖了证据，并将整个事件从公众记忆中抹去。调查称，“凤凰计划被中央情报局用作“大规模政治谋杀的工具”，以压制反对美国在越南傀儡政府的政客和活动人士。”国会调查后，多位作者出版了关于该计划的书籍，其中两本是T.P.Wilkinson和Douglas Valentine，但媒体拒绝发表对这些书和其他书籍的评论，对作者及其理智进行了猛烈抨击。一种常见的策略是声称提交人因战时经历而遭受“严重的心理创伤”，因此不是可信的证人。大多数人写道，该计划的目的是识别和恐吓每一位越南支持者和每一位反对美国在越南存在的人，“随之而来的是大规模的谋杀和酷刑。成千上万的人死亡并遭受酷刑。”
In fact, the Phoenix Program was following prior CIA experience in the destruction of nations, and became a template the US would use in many other nations, post-Vietnam, in Nicaragua, Iraq, Libya, most of Central and South America, as well as Africa and Asia. This is what the Israelis do in Palestine against the Arabs, and was what the Americans did when they spawned the massive genocidal massacre in Indonesia. It is worthy of note that a Director of the new US Department of Homeland Security was a major officer in the Phoenix Program, with many citizens concerned the same tactics will essentially be utilised to dispel dissention within the US. Valentine wrote of the “insidious” infiltration of these methods into the militarisation of the US police and their new “methods of population control and suppression of dissent“. One author wrote that “It is no accident that the torture methods [Barton] documented [in Vietnam] are strikingly similar to those revealed in the December 2014 Senate torture report [for Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib], since Vietnam was the first testing ground for “a new paradigm in the practice of torture developed by the CIA”.” He stated further the CIA “had launched a multi-billion-dollar research program” on the methods for such programs. It should be noted too that the CIA had prepared, from its extensive experience, a 1,000-page torture manual which it not only applied as a template around the world, but used as the prime teaching material in the curriculum at its famous “torture university”, the School of the Americas, and which it shared with all the 50 dictators the US installed around the world.
事实上，凤凰计划遵循了美国中央情报局之前在摧毁国家方面的经验，并成为美国在许多其他国家使用的模板，包括后越南、尼加拉瓜、伊拉克、利比亚、中南美洲大部分地区以及非洲和亚洲。这就是以色列人在巴勒斯坦对阿拉伯人所做的，也是美国人在印尼引发大规模种族灭绝大屠杀时所做的。值得注意的是，美国新国土安全部的一位部长是凤凰计划的主要官员，许多公民担心，同样的策略基本上会被用来消除美国国内的反对意见。Valentine写道，这些方法“阴险”地渗透到美国警察的军事化中，以及他们新的“人口控制和镇压异见的方法”。一位作者写道，“巴顿记录的[在越南]酷刑方法与2014年12月参议院[针对关塔那摩湾和阿布格莱布]的酷刑报告中披露的方法惊人地相似，这绝非偶然，因为越南是“中央情报局开发的酷刑实践新范式”的第一个试验场。他进一步表示，美国中央情报局“已经启动了一项价值数十亿美元的研究计划”，研究这些计划的方法。还应该注意的是，美国中央调查局根据其丰富的经验，编写了一份1000页的酷刑手册，该手册不仅被用作世界各地的模板，而且被用作其著名的“酷刑大学”课程的主要教材”，美洲学派，它与美国在世界各地建立的所有50位独裁者共享。
The “targets” of the Phoenix Program in Vietnam were civilians, not soldiers, as has been true for US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq and so many other nations. The local population who rebel against American oppression and terror are invariably categorised as “terrorists” to be hunted down and killed. This was precisely Obama’s policy in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with his use of drone aircraft, targeting and killing members of the domestic population who object to the American presence in their country. One former US military official wrote that the US was a country “where all common decency” has disappeared. An American author, William Shirer, wrote in 1973, at the time of the intense and inhuman conflict in Vietnam, Until we go through it ourselves, until our people cower in the shelters of New York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles and elsewhere while the buildings collapse overhead and burst into flames, and dead bodies hurtle about and, when it is over for the day or the night, emerge in the rubble to find some of their dear ones mangled, their homes gone, their hospitals, churches, schools demolished — only after that gruesome experience will we realize what we are inflicting on the people of Indochina.”
“凤凰计划”在越南的“目标”是平民，而不是士兵，美国在阿富汗、伊拉克和许多其他国家的参与也是如此。反抗美国压迫和恐怖的当地人总是被归类为“恐怖分子”，被追捕和杀害。这正是奥巴马在阿富汗和巴基斯坦的政策，他使用无人机瞄准并杀害了反对美国在他们国家存在的国内民众。一位前美国军方官员写道，美国是一个“所有普通礼仪”都消失了的国家。1973年，美国作家William Shirer在越南发生激烈而不人道的冲突时写道：“直到我们自己经历了这场冲突，直到我们的人民蜷缩在纽约、华盛顿、芝加哥、洛杉矶和其他地方的避难所里，而头顶上的建筑倒塌并起火，尸体四处乱窜，在废墟中发现他们的亲人被毁坏，他们的家园被摧毁，他们的医院、教堂、学校被摧毁，只有在那次可怕的经历之后，我们才能意识到我们正在给中印人民带来的苦难。”
The RAND Corporation
兰德公司
Joint Chiefs of Staff meet at the LBJ Ranch; Scope and content: Location: LBJ Ranch. Depicted: Major General Chester Clifton, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, President Lyndon B. Johnson, General Curtis LeMay, General Earle Wheeler, Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance, General Harold Johnson, Admiral David McDonald, General Wallace Greene. Source
参谋长联席会议在LBJ牧场举行；范围和内容：地点：LBJ牧场。描述：切斯特·克利夫顿少将、国防部长罗伯特·麦克纳马拉、林登·约翰逊总统、柯蒂斯·勒梅将军、厄尔·惠勒将军、国防部副部长赛勒斯·万斯、哈罗德·约翰逊将军、海军上将大卫·麦克唐纳和华莱士·格林将军。来源
Before Robert McNamara left his position as US Defense Secretary, he created a group to write what he termed an “encyclopedic history of the Vietnam War”, which eventually comprised about 7,000 pages in 47 volumes and was classified Top Secret. Copies of this material were supplied to the RAND corporation where an analyst named Daniel Ellsberg found them. Ellsberg copied the entire files which contained an astonishing amount of information on illegal CIA programs, massacres, deaths, cover-ups and more, and tried to expose the criminality to various high-level government officials including Henry Kissinger, none of whom were apparently interested. Ellsberg then released the material to the media, which became known as the scandal called “The Pentagon Papers“. They revealed for the first time the illegal American bombing of Laos and Cambodia and the fact that four successive US Presidents had lied enormously to the public about US military activities in South-East Asia. Ellsberg wrote at the time, “I felt that as an American citizen, as a responsible citizen, I could no longer cooperate in concealing this information from the American public.”
在罗伯特·麦克纳马拉辞去美国国防部长职务之前，他创建了一个小组来撰写他所称的“百科全书式的越南战争史”，该书最终由47卷约7000页组成，被列为绝密。这份材料的副本被提供给兰德公司，一位名叫丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格的分析师在那里找到了它们。埃尔斯伯格复制了整个文件，其中包含了关于中情局非法计划、屠杀、死亡、掩盖真相等惊人数量的信息，并试图向包括亨利·基辛格在内的多位高级政府官员揭露犯罪行为，但他们显然都不感兴趣。埃尔斯伯格随后向媒体发布了这些材料，这被称为“五角大楼文件”丑闻。他们首次揭露了美国对老挝和柬埔寨的非法轰炸，以及连续四任美国总统在美国在东南亚的军事活动中向公众撒了巨大谎的事实。埃尔斯伯格当时写道：“我觉得作为一名美国公民，作为一名负责任的公民，我再也不能合作向美国公众隐瞒这些信息了。”
Anthony Russo and Daniel Ellsberg leave a Los Angeles courthouse after promising to appear later before a federal Grand Jury investigating the leak of the so-called Pentagon Papers. (AP Photo/GB) Source
安东尼·鲁索（Anthony Russo）和丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格（Daniel Ellsberg）在承诺稍后在调查所谓五角大楼文件泄露事件的联邦大陪审团面前出庭后，离开了洛杉矶法院。（美联社照片/GB）来源
But there was more. One of Ellsberg’s associates at the RAND Corporation named Anthony Russo had written a paper on the Phoenix and other Programs that Ellsberg claimed was “the first to document American complicity in the routine use of torture”. Russo had apparently written three such papers on the subject, a project for which he was eventually fired. The RAND Corporation refuses to release copies of those documents, the reason being, according to many military experts, that RAND analysts performed all the research that led to the creation of the CIA’s torture practices and to the existence of the Phoenix Program itself. In other words, Russo had independently catalogued not only the existence of the CIA’s massive torture and civil repression programs, but unwittingly also catalogued the RAND Corporation’s responsibility in creating those programs.
但还有更多。埃尔斯伯格在兰德公司的一位名叫安东尼·鲁索的同事写了一篇关于凤凰城和其他项目的论文，埃尔斯伯格声称这是“第一篇记录美国在常规使用酷刑中共谋的论文”。鲁索显然就这个问题写了三篇这样的论文，最终他被解雇了。兰德公司拒绝公布这些文件的副本，根据许多军事专家的说法，原因是兰德公司的分析人员进行了所有的研究，这些研究导致了中央情报局酷刑行为的产生，以及凤凰计划本身的存在。换言之，鲁索不仅独立地对中央情报局大规模酷刑和公民镇压项目的存在进行了编目，而且无意中还对兰德公司在创建这些项目方面的责任进行了编目。
RAND is an acronym for Research and Development”, originally created immediately after World War II as a private research arm of the US Air Force, under the control of Curtis LeMay who was responsible for the genocidal fire-bombing of Japan and the genocide in North Korea. RAND staff concentrated on areas like new weapons development, including biological and chemical warfare, and performing what was called “advanced strategic thinking” on how to wage war. One grave concern is that RAND has recently published (internally) a comprehensive report on a proposed US war with China, discussing strategy and tactics and probable losses, apparently concluding the US would suffer much less from the conflict than would China. This is what RAND does. RAND Corporation “analysts” were present and active in Vietnam during the period of the Phoenix Program and were so active that reports state “RAND’s Saigon villa became the requisite “prestige stop” for anyone with an interest in the war”, and that the RAND Corporation actually served as a “command center” for Project Phoenix. It was this deep involvement that Russo wanted to expose to the public, the fact that this so-called ‘think tank’ had quietly not only affected but created this inhuman political policy totally unknown to the public.
兰德是研发的缩写”，最初是在第二次世界大战后立即创建的，是美国空军的一个私人研究部门，由柯蒂斯·勒梅控制，勒梅负责对日本的种族灭绝式火力轰炸和对朝鲜的种族灭绝。兰德公司的工作人员专注于新武器开发等领域，包括生物战和化学战，并执行所谓的“先进战略思维”“关于如何发动战争。一个严重的担忧是，兰德公司最近（内部）发表了一份关于拟议中的美国与中国战争的全面报告，讨论了战略、战术和可能的损失，显然得出的结论是，美国在这场冲突中遭受的损失将比中国小得多。这就是兰德公司的做法。”兰德公司分析师”在“凤凰计划”期间曾在越南活动，非常活跃，以至于有报道称“兰德公司在西贡的别墅成为任何对战争感兴趣的人必备的“声望站”，兰德公司实际上是一个“指挥中心”“对于凤凰计划来说。正是这种深度参与，鲁索想向公众揭露这样一个事实，即这个所谓的‘智囊团’不仅悄悄地影响了而且创造了这种公众完全不知道的非人道政治政策。
You can read the RAND Corporation’s version of their internally-conceived and created Phoenix Program that was designed for Vietnam,[9] with RAND telling us that “Phoenix made positive contributions to counterinsurgency in South Vietnam”. Even more usefully, RAND claims that “One of the major advantages of Phoenix was that it was a relatively low-cost program”. What more do you need to know about the RAND Corporation and the people who work for it?
你可以阅读兰德公司为越南设计的内部构思和创建的凤凰计划的版本，[9]兰德公司告诉我们“凤凰为南越的反叛乱做出了积极贡献”。更有用的是，兰德公司声称“凤凰号的主要优势之一是它是一个相对低成本的项目”。关于兰德公司及其员工，你还需要了解什么？
It wasn’t only torture programs that emerged from RAND; others have claimed RAND was responsible for a huge range of inhuman practices relating to Vietnam, items like recommending the use of red-colored plastic shrapnel that would be invisible to x-rays and render difficult or impossible its removal from wounded soldiers. Another was the recommendation that American soldiers should not shoot to kill, but should shoot Vietnamese in the abdomen or the bowels so as to strain the enemy’s medical resources. There are no human beings working at the RAND Corporation
兰德公司不仅推出了酷刑项目；其他人则声称兰德公司对与越南有关的一系列不人道行为负有责任，比如建议使用x射线看不见的红色塑料弹片，使其难以或不可能从受伤士兵身上取出。另一个建议是，美国士兵不应该开枪杀人，而应该朝越南人的腹部或肠道开枪，以耗尽敌人的医疗资源。没有人在兰德公司工作
Abandoned POWs in Vietnam
越南被遗弃的战俘
Expendable: Abandoned POWs in Vietnam
Another despicable atrocity the US government has heavily censored to prevent public exposure is the thousands of prisoners of war deliberately left behind and abandoned in Vietnam. The matter first came to light during the court-martial of Robert Garwood in 1985, where he testified at his trial that the US government had knowingly and deliberately abandoned its soldiers for the sake of cheap politics and money. Garwood claimed there were many Americans remaining in Vietnam long after the war ended, with his testimony being supported by many veterans with impeccable credentials. One of these was the former head of the US Defense Intelligence Agency General Tighe, and a Captain McDaniel, who held the Navy’s top award for bravery. It was revealed that the Vietnamese government had held back many thousands of American POWs as a means to ensure the US would pay the more than $3 billion in war reparations to which it was committed. But the US government had no intention of paying those reparations, and so simply abandoned the prisoners to their fate. This was known by many government leaders including Senator John McCain who had himself been a prisoner of war in Vietnam, and has been kept as a state secret for 40 years. In simple terms, the US balked at paying reparations to Vietnam because that would constitute a public admission of not only guilt and wrong-doing but of having been defeated by Vietnam, and since paying the money was the price of releasing the prisoners of war, the US government just abandoned them and for decades threatened people with execution if they talked.
美国政府为防止公众曝光而严格审查的另一个卑鄙暴行是故意留在越南并遗弃的数千名战俘。1985年，罗伯特·加伍德在军事法庭上作证称，美国政府为了廉价的政治和金钱，故意抛弃了士兵。加伍德声称，战争结束后很长一段时间，仍有许多美国人留在越南，他的证词得到了许多具有无可挑剔资历的退伍军人的支持。其中一位是美国国防情报局前局长蒂格将军和麦克丹尼尔上尉，麦克丹尼尔曾获得海军最高英勇奖。据透露，越南政府扣留了数千名美国战俘，以确保美国支付其承诺的30多亿美元的战争赔偿。但美国政府无意支付这些赔偿，因此干脆让囚犯听天由命。包括参议员约翰·麦凯恩在内的许多政府领导人都知道这一点，麦凯恩本人曾是越南的战俘，并作为国家机密保密了40年。简单地说，美国拒绝向越南支付赔偿金，因为这不仅构成了对罪行和错误行为的公开承认，而且构成了对被越南击败的公开承认。由于支付赔偿金是释放战俘的代价，美国政府只是抛弃了他们，几十年来一直威胁说，如果人们说话，就要处决他们。
If that weren’t enough, by 1975, after North Vietnam’s victory over both South Vietnam and the Americans, and the US exit from the country, then US President Gerald Ford was so unapologetic and embittered he severed all diplomatic relations with Vietnam and imposed a brutal trade embargo on the country in an attempt to achieve through economic war what the US military had failed to achieve.
如果这还不够的话，到1975年，在北越战胜南越和美国，美国退出该国后，时任美国总统杰拉尔德·福特毫无歉意，愤愤不平，切断了与越南的所有外交关系，并对该国实施了残酷的贸易禁运，试图通过经济战争实现美国军方未能实现的目标。
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Mr. Romanoff’s writing has been translated into 32 languages and his articles posted on more than 150 foreign-language news and politics websites in more than 30 countries, as well as more than 100 English language platforms. Larry Romanoff is a retired management consultant and businessman. He has held senior executive positions in international consulting firms, and owned an international import-export business. He has been a visiting professor at Shanghai’s Fudan University, presenting case studies in international affairs to senior EMBA classes. Mr. Romanoff lives in Shanghai and is currently writing a series of ten books generally related to China and the West. He is one of the contributing authors to Cynthia McKinney’s new anthology ‘When China Sneezes’. (Chapt. 2 — Dealing with Demons).
罗曼诺夫的作品已被翻译成32种语言，他的文章发表在30多个国家的150多个外语新闻和政治网站以及100多个英语平台上。拉里·罗曼诺夫是一位退休的管理顾问和商人。他曾在国际咨询公司担任高级管理职务，并拥有一家国际进出口公司。他曾是上海复旦大学的客座教授，为EMBA高级课程讲授国际事务案例研究。罗曼诺夫先生住在上海，目前正在写一系列与中国和西方有关的十本书。他是辛西娅·麦金尼新选集《当中国打喷嚏》的特约作者之一。（第二章——对付魔鬼）。
His full archive can be seen at
他的完整文章库可以在以下找到
https://www.bluemoonofshanghai.com/ + https://www.moonofshanghai.com/
He can be contacted at:
可以通过以下方式联系他：
2186604556@qq.com
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NOTES
注释
[1] What is Agent Orange?
[1] 什么是橙剂？
https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/agent-orange-in-vietnam-program/what-is-agent-orange/
[2] Agent Orange Wasn’t the Only Deadly Chemical Used In Vietnam
[2] 橙剂并不是越南使用的唯一致命化学品
https://www.history.com/news/agent-orange-wasnt-the-only-deadly-chemical-used-in-vietnam
[3] Agent Orange
[3] 橙剂
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange
[4] How Napalm Went From Hero to Villain During the Vietnam War
[4] Napalm如何在越南战争中从英雄变成恶棍
https://historycollection.com/napalm-hero-villain-vietnam-war/
[5] Napalm in Vietnam War
[5] 越南战争中的凝固汽油弹
https://thevietnamwar.info/napalm-vietnam-war/
[6] ‘Napalm Girl’ at 50: The story of the Vietnam War’s defining photo – with video
[6] 50岁的“Napalm Girl”：越南战争决定性照片的故事-附视频
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/napalm-girl-50-snap/index.html
[7] The Phoenix Program: America’s Use of Terror in Vietnam
[7] 凤凰计划：美国在越南使用恐怖
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22309162-the-phoenix-program
[8] Mercy of the Wicked: The CIA’s Phoenix Program
[8] 邪恶的仁慈：中央情报局的凤凰计划
https://greydynamics.com/mercy-of-the-wicked-the-cias-phoenix-program/
[9]The Phoenix Program and Contemporary Counterinsurgency — RAND_OP258
[9] 凤凰计划与当代反叛乱——RAND_OP258
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP258.pdf
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